%PDF-1.4 % 1 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Count 2 /Kids [ 2 0 R 113 0 R ] >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /QuickPDFFffe83818 73 0 R /QuickPDFF82812abb 112 0 R >> >> /Contents [ 5 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595.2756 841.8898 ] >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R /Metadata 115 0 R >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Producer (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /Creator (Debenu Quick PDF Library 11.15 \(www.debenu.com\)) /CreationDate (D:20200415102733+02'00') /ModDate (D:20200415102735+02'00') >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Length 2964 /LC /iSQP >> stream 0 Tr /QuickPDFF82812abb 14 Tf 0 0 0 rg 100 Tz 0 Tw 0 Tc 0 Ts BT 1 0 0 1 73.0848 770.8329 Tm (A Geometric Model for Estimating the Volume and Surface Area of Apples)Tj ET /QuickPDFF82812abb 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 130.4928 731.3912 Tm (Gabriel Scarmana, Kevin McDougall and Stepanyants Yuri \(Australia\))Tj ET /QuickPDFF82812abb 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 689.3613 Tm 14.663 TL (Key words: )' ET /QuickPDFFffe83818 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 141.7323 689.3613 Tm 14.454 TL (GNSS/GPS; Land management; Low cost technology; Photogrammetry; Positioning)' ET /QuickPDFF82812abb 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 661.0148 Tm 14.663 TL (SUMMARY)' ET /QuickPDFFffe83818 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 150.7097 Tm 13.14 TL (__________________________________________________________________________________________)' ()' (A Geometric Model for Estimating the Volume and Surface Area of Apples \(10347\))' (Gabriel Scarmana, Kevin McDougall and Stepanyants Yuri \(Australia\))' ()' (FIG Working Week 2020)' (Smart surveyors for land and water management)' (Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1014 May 2020)' ET /QuickPDFFffe83818 11 Tf 0 0 0 rg BT 1 0 0 1 56.6929 632.6683 Tm 14.454 TL (Agricultural and food technology research and science studies frequently require estimates of surface area)' (\(SA\) and volume \(V\) of fruits, nuts and vegetables. These estimates are essential for supporting important)' (processes such as storage, sorting, shipping practices, respiration rates, water loss or absorption, use and)' (extent of pesticides and heat transfer. )' ()' (In this research, low-cost laser scanning and conventional close range photogrammetric methods \(for SA\) are)' (combined with standard hydro-static techniques \(for V\) so as to create accurate and scaled 3D models of)' (apples of different sizes and shapes. Based on these models a novel geometric representation for a quick)' (estimation of V and SA of an apple cultivar \(i.e. granny smith\) is presented. In essence, this geometric model)' (relates to a particular mathematical function referred to as the cardioid. )' ()' ()' ()' (Accurate statistical figures of V and SA values as obtained via the proposed cardioid representation are)' (determined by comparing the developed model to the points of truth V and SA values obtained from the)' (afore-mentioned 3D models. Results show that for the relatively large apple samples considered, the)' (predicted \(via the cardioid representation\) and the true figures for V and SA agree within 2.8% and 3.4%)' (respectively. )' ()' (The proposed cardioid representation can be defined with simple but precise measurements which comply)' (with international quality standards for size and volume characteristics of apple cultivars in general, that is,)' (apple axial dimensions such as length \(L\) and diameter \(T\). Hence, the proposed cardioid model constitutes a)' (practical and effective tool for many applications related to apple )' ET endstream endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 316 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xMRKnCAۿSpk`y^Uu[jIɒT%C/:b}Rx\%=
c%d:WMQ&1֎PP/3k v'[-A:;NcC瑊Sd3G.#Oss
endstream
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Length 1016
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
xUI-5E
o Vn=ErTlY